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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the...
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Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
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The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
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Redox-Driven Recrystallization of PbO2.

Weiyi Pan1, Jeffrey G Catalano2, Daniel E Giammar1

  • 1Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1180, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) solids undergo significant atom exchange with dissolved lead in water systems, indicating redox-driven recrystallization. This process may impact lead pipe stability and dissolution in drinking water.

Keywords:
drinking waterisotope exchangelead isotopeslead oxideredox-driven recrystallizationreductive dissolution

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) is a common lead corrosion product in drinking water pipes.
  • PbO2 can control dissolved lead (Pb(II)) concentrations, especially when chlorine is present.
  • Depletion of chlorine leads to co-occurrence of PbO2 and soluble Pb(II).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between aqueous Pb(II) and solid PbO2.
  • To quantify atom exchange between dissolved and solid lead phases.
  • To understand the mechanism of PbO2 transformation under specific conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a stable lead isotope (207Pb) as a tracer.
  • Analyzed systems with no net change in dissolved Pb concentration.
  • Characterized PbO2 mineralogy, particle size, and oxidation state before and after reaction.

Main Results:

  • Significant isotope exchange occurred between aqueous Pb(II) and solid PbO2 over 264 hours.
  • 24.3-35.0% of Pb atoms in PbO2 solids exchanged with dissolved Pb(II).
  • No changes in PbO2 mineralogy, particle size, or oxidation state were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Redox-driven recrystallization of PbO2 occurred, evidenced by isotope exchange.
  • This recrystallization process is likely relevant in stagnant water within lead pipes.
  • PbO2 recrystallization may alter its stability and susceptibility to reductive dissolution.