Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

442
Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and...
442
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

12.5K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
12.5K
Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

9.8K
Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
9.8K
Study Design in Statistics01:15

Study Design in Statistics

9.2K
A study design is a set of techniques that allow a researcher to collect and analyze data from different variables defined for a specific research problem. Statistics is commonly for effective study design and more robust experiments,
Does aspirin reduce the risk of heart attacks? Is one brand of fertilizer more effective at growing roses than another? Is fatigue as dangerous to a driver as the influence of alcohol? Questions like these are answered using randomized experiments with proper...
9.2K
Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

11.9K
In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
11.9K
Introduction to Epidemiology01:26

Introduction to Epidemiology

1.0K
Epidemiology, known as the cornerstone of public health, involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related events in defined populations and applying these insights to control health issues. This is essential for understanding how diseases spread, identifying populations at greater risk, and implementing measures to control or prevent outbreaks. Epidemiology addresses not only infectious diseases but also non-communicable conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease,...
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reply to the Comments on "Meta-analysis Framework as a Form of Original Research".

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026
Same author

Oral Ketamine for Treatment-refractory Major Depressive Disorder and the Complicating Role of Concurrent Stressors: Implications for Research and Practice.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026
Same author

Meta-analysis Framework as a Form of Original Research.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2025
Same author

Comments on "The Efficacy and Durability of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2025
Same author

Fixed Effect Versus Random Effects Models in Meta-analysis: As Simple as It Gets.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2025
Same author

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023: Implications for Mental Healthcare Practice in India.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2025
Same journal

Psychological Issues, Prevalence and Predictors in Senegal: Evidence from the Senegal Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2023.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

Regulating Lay Counselor Practice to Safeguard Public Trust in Counseling Psychology in India.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

Narcissistic Abuse Cycle Deserves Clinical and Research Attention.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

Journal Instructions Are Not Optional: Yet Authors Still Ignore Them.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

Comments on "Psychometric Properties, Stability, and Predictive Validity of the Hindi Version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13-R-H) Among Hindi-speaking Adults in the United States".

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026
Same journal

Urgent, Exceptional, and Above the Rules: Author Entitlement in Biomedical Publishing.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

14.7K

Research Design: Cohort Studies.

Chittaranjan Andrade1

  • 1Dept. of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
|June 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cohort studies are observational, longitudinal research methods tracking subjects over time. While they identify associations, they cannot establish causation due to the absence of randomization.

Keywords:
Cohort studyIndiaSTROBE guidelinesprospective studyresearch designretrospective study

More Related Videos

Establishing a Competing Risk Regression Nomogram Model for Survival Data
04:57

Establishing a Competing Risk Regression Nomogram Model for Survival Data

Published on: October 23, 2020

10.3K
Methodology for Establishing a Community-Wide Life Laboratory for Capturing Unobtrusive and Continuous Remote Activity and Health Data
11:21

Methodology for Establishing a Community-Wide Life Laboratory for Capturing Unobtrusive and Continuous Remote Activity and Health Data

Published on: July 27, 2018

8.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

14.7K
Establishing a Competing Risk Regression Nomogram Model for Survival Data
04:57

Establishing a Competing Risk Regression Nomogram Model for Survival Data

Published on: October 23, 2020

10.3K
Methodology for Establishing a Community-Wide Life Laboratory for Capturing Unobtrusive and Continuous Remote Activity and Health Data
11:21

Methodology for Establishing a Community-Wide Life Laboratory for Capturing Unobtrusive and Continuous Remote Activity and Health Data

Published on: July 27, 2018

8.3K

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Medical Research Methodology

Background:

  • Cohort studies are empirical, longitudinal, and observational.
  • Data is collected at baseline, during follow-up, and at the end of the study period.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the methodology of cohort studies.
  • To highlight the strengths and limitations of cohort study designs.
  • To provide examples and discuss cohort studies in Indian psychiatry.

Main Methods:

  • Following a defined group (cohort) over time.
  • Conducting assessments at multiple time points.
  • Analyzing data for the whole cohort or subgroups.

Main Results:

  • Cohort studies allow for the examination of associations between variables.
  • Causation cannot be determined due to the lack of randomization.
  • Prospective and retrospective cohort definitions have distinct advantages and disadvantages.

Conclusions:

  • Cohort studies are valuable for observational research and identifying potential associations.
  • Understanding the limitations, such as confounding, is crucial for interpretation.
  • The study provides a comprehensive overview with specific examples.