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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
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Pain01:20

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
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Seeking Pain Relief With Fewer Side Effects.

Summer Allen

    IEEE Pulse
    |June 3, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Chronic pain affects millions, with pharmaceutical treatments often causing severe side effects that outweigh disease burdens. New approaches are needed to improve quality of life for chronic pain patients.

    Area of Science:

    • Pain Management
    • Anesthesiology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Chronic pain affects one in five adults.
    • Current treatments primarily rely on pharmaceuticals.
    • Pharmaceuticals can lead to significant long-term side effects and reduced quality of life.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the limitations of current pharmaceutical treatments for chronic pain.
    • To emphasize the need for alternative pain management strategies.
    • To introduce the work of the Pain Relief and Opioid Mitigation Innovation Science (PROMIS) Laboratory at Duke University.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review on chronic pain treatments.
    • Expert opinion from Dr. Padma Gulur, Duke University.
    • Discussion of side effect burdens versus disease burdens.

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    Main Results:

    • Pharmaceutical treatments for chronic pain can have severe long-term consequences.
    • The burden of treatment side effects can exceed the burden of the chronic pain itself.
    • Current treatments negatively impact patients' quality of life.

    Conclusions:

    • There is a critical need for improved pain management strategies.
    • Alternative or supplementary treatments to pharmaceuticals are essential.
    • Research into innovative pain relief is crucial for patient well-being.