Ethylene modulates translation dynamics in Arabidopsis under submergence via GCN2 and EIN2

General translational repression is a key process that reduces energy consumption under hypoxia. Here, we show that plant stress-activated general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) was activated to regulate the reduction in polysome loading during submergence in Arabidopsis. GCN2 signaling was activated by ethylene under submergence. GCN2 activity was reduced in etr1-1, but not in ein2-5 or eil1ein3, under submergence, suggesting that GCN2 activity is regulated by a noncanonical ethylene signaling pathway. Polysome loading was not reduced in ein2-5 under submergence, implying that ethylene modulates translation via both EIN2 and GCN2. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that EIN2 and GCN2 regulate not only general translational repression but also translational enhancement of specific mRNAs under submergence. Together, these results demonstrate that during submergence, entrapped ethylene triggers GCN2 and EIN2 to regulate translation dynamics and ensure the translation of stress response proteins.