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Organismal trait integration and modularity are common. This review clarifies the link between developmental and evolutionary patterns, suggesting developmental modularity can influence evolutionary outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Morphological integration

Background:

  • Organismal traits exhibit integration and modularity across biological scales.
  • Previous research explored drivers of these patterns at developmental and evolutionary levels.
  • A consensus on the relationship between developmental and evolutionary integration is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize studies on trait integration and modularity.
  • To build a framework for the conceptual relationship between developmental and evolutionary integration.
  • To explain conflicting outcomes in empirical studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of key studies.
  • Conceptual framework development.
  • Analysis of morphological data in integration studies.

Main Results:

  • Lack of consensus may arise from difficulty distinguishing developmental and functional causes of integration.
  • Developmental modularity can translate to evolutionary modularity in some systems.
  • An extended palimpsest model is proposed for trait modularity shifts across evolutionary scales.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay between developmental and evolutionary processes is crucial for explaining trait patterns.
  • Future research should focus on disentangling causal factors and exploring modularity shifts.
  • The proposed framework aids in interpreting empirical findings on integration and modularity.