Toxicity of green synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) on zebra fish

Nanoparticles (NPs) is usually fabricated by physical and chemical methods which, consequently, may have adverse effects for human and environment. Therefore, novel environmentally friendly synthesis methods for are essential and preferred. The purpose of this study was to synthesize TiO₂ NPs using Echinophora cinerea extract and evaluate its toxicity on zebra fish. In the work, extraction phase was performed using a water as solvent. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DLS analyzes were performed to determine the characteristics of synthesized TiO₂ NPs. The effect of different parameters such as pH, extract concentration, TiO₂ concentration, and temperature were investigated on TiO₂ NP and optimized. Then, the acute toxicity of synthesized TiO₂ NPs at different concentrations was investigated for 96 h on zebra fish. The bioassay data was analyzed via probit regression technique. Based on the obtained results, the optimal conditions for the synthesized TiO₂ NPs were 9, 20 g/L, 0.4 g/L, and 25 °C for pH, extract concentration, TiO₂ concentration and temperature, respectively. Both FTIR and XRD analysis confirmed the stability and structure of the synthesized NPs. According to SEM and DLS analysis, the synthesized NPs were spherical in shape and about 244.7 nm in diameter. Based on bioassay, LC₅₀ for green synthesized TiO₂ NPs with Echinophora cinerea extract at 48 h was 300 mg/L, which revealed a less hazardous material.