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Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Vaccines on Otitis Media in Children: A Systematic Review
Lays P Marra1, Ana L Sartori2, Martha S Martinez-Silveira3
1Department of Community Health, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
Insights
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) significantly reduce otitis media (OM) and acute otitis media (AOM) in children under five. This review highlights the public health benefits of including PCVs in immunization programs.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Immunology
- Public Health
Background:
- Otitis media (OM) and acute otitis media (AOM) are common childhood infections.
- Pneumococcal bacteria are a leading cause of OM and AOM.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccines in preventing OM and AOM in children.
- To synthesize evidence from observational studies on vaccine effectiveness.
Main Methods:
- Systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, and Web of Science.
- Inclusion of 48 observational studies on children under five years old.
- Analysis of vaccine effectiveness (VE) for PCV7, PCV10, PCV13, and PPSV23.
Main Results:
- VE against OM/AOM varied by vaccine type and age group.
- For children under 24 months, VE ranged from 2.2% to 84% depending on the PCV type.
- For children under 60 months, VE ranged from 11% to 41% depending on the PCV type.
Conclusions:
- Pneumococcal vaccination demonstrates significant effectiveness in reducing OM and AOM in young children.
- The findings support the inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in national immunization programs.
- PCVs contribute substantially to public health by preventing common childhood infections.
Objectives:
We aimed to determine the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccines on otitis media (OM) and acute otitis media (AOM) in children.
Methods:
We conducted a systematic search in databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Lilacs, and Web of Science. We included observational studies that evaluated any pneumococcal vaccine - including 7, 10, and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13) and 23-valent polysaccharide vaccines (PPSV23) as the intervention, in children aged less than five years.
Results:
Out of the 2112 screened studies, 48 observational studies complied with the eligibility criteria and therefore were included in this review. Of the included studies, 30 (63%) were before-after, eleven (23%) cohort, six (13%) time series, and one (2%) case-control study designs. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing OM or AOM varied by vaccine type. In children under 24 months VE ranged from 8% and 42.7% (PCV7), 5.6% to 84% (PCV10) and 2.2% to 68% (PCV13). In children aged less than 60 months, VE ranged between 13.2% and 39% for PCV7, 11% to 39% for PCV10 (only children under 48 months), and 39% to 41% (PCV13).
Conclusions:
Our results demonstrate significant effect of pneumococcal vaccination in decreasing OM or AOM in children under five years old in several countries supporting the public health value of introducing PCVs in national immunization programs.
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