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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Plasmon-Assisted Ammonia Electrosynthesis.

Enrique Contreras1, Rachel Nixon1, Chloe Litts1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Green ammonia synthesis is crucial for a carbon-free energy economy. This study shows that combining electricity and light with gold nanoparticles significantly boosts ammonium production from nitrate.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Ammonia is a key energy carrier for a carbon-free future.
  • Green ammonia production requires renewable energy sources.
  • Current methods for ammonia synthesis face limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a green method for ammonium synthesis from nitrate.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of electricity and light in catalysis.
  • To enhance the efficiency of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing gold nanoparticles as a plasmonic electrocatalyst.
  • Employing a synergistic combination of electricity and visible light.
  • Analyzing the catalytic activity and enhancement mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Achieved up to a 15× increase in ammonium synthesis activity.
  • Demonstrated that enhancement is due to non-thermal plasmonic effects.
  • Identified optimal conditions for synergistic electrocatalysis and plasmonics.

Conclusions:

  • Plasmon-assisted electrochemistry offers a pathway beyond conventional catalytic limits.
  • Synergistic light-electricity catalysis can significantly improve energy conversion efficiency.
  • This approach holds promise for sustainable ammonia production.