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Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas II01:23

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For a system that undergoes a thermodynamic process at a constant volume condition, the heat absorbed is used only to increase the system's internal energy and not for doing any kind of work. While for a system undergoing a thermodynamic process under a constant pressure condition, the amount of heat absorbed is used not only for increasing the internal energy (as a function of temperature) but also for doing some work. The molar heat capacity is the amount of heat required to increase the...
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Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III01:25

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The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents the number of degrees of freedom of an ideal gas, the molar heat capacity at constant volume of an ideal gas in terms of d is
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Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas I01:14

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas I

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Heat capacity is the ratio of heat absorbed by the substance corresponding to its temperature change. It is also called thermal capacity and the SI unit of heat capacity is J/K. Whereas, specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat necessary to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K and is also called massic heat capacity. Its SI unit is J/kg⋅K.
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Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

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Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws. 
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A mole is defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. An Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) formed the  hypothesis that equal volumes of gas at equal pressure and temperature contain equal numbers of molecules, independent of the type of gas. Later, the hypothesis was developed to form the SI unit for measuring the amount of any substance.
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The volume occupied by one mole of a substance is its molar volume. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT,  suggests that the volume of a given quantity of gas and the number of moles in a given volume of gas vary with changes in pressure and temperature. At standard temperature and pressure, or STP (273.15 K and 1 atm), one mole of an ideal gas (regardless of its identity) has a volume of about 22.4 L — this is referred to as the standard molar volume.
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Experimental realization of one dimensional helium.

Adrian Del Maestro1,2,3, Nathan S Nichols4, Timothy R Prisk5

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Researchers observed a one-dimensional quantum liquid of helium-4 (⁴He) using nanoengineering. This novel quantum state exhibits unique excitations and can be tuned from weakly interacting to strongly interacting regimes.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Fluids
  • Low-Dimensional Systems

Background:

  • Lowering spatial dimensions reduces stabilizing interactions, leading to exotic fluctuating phases of matter.
  • Understanding quantum phenomena in reduced dimensions is crucial for developing new quantum technologies.
  • Bulk superfluid helium exhibits well-defined properties, but its low-dimensional behavior remains less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally observe and characterize a one-dimensional quantum liquid of helium-4 (⁴He).
  • To investigate the unique excitations and properties of helium-4 confined to one dimension.
  • To explore the transition between weakly and strongly interacting regimes in this low-dimensional system.

Main Methods:

  • Nanoengineering techniques were employed to confine helium-4 within a porous material.
  • Preplating the porous material with a noble gas enhanced dimensional reduction.
  • Excitations of the confined helium-4 were analyzed using a mobile impurity model.

Main Results:

  • Experimental observation of a one-dimensional quantum liquid of helium-4 (⁴He).
  • The emergent quantum liquid exhibits excitations qualitatively different from bulk superfluid helium.
  • The system can be tuned via pressure, transitioning from weakly interacting to a super Tonks-Girardeau gas.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully demonstrates the creation and characterization of a 1D quantum liquid of ⁴He.
  • The mobile impurity analysis provides a new paradigm for understanding emergent quantum liquids beyond the Luttinger liquid model.
  • This tunable low-dimensional helium system opens avenues for exploring strongly correlated quantum matter.