Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review...

Area of Science:

• * Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
• * Materials Science
• * Biotechnology

Background:

• * Nanoparticles exhibit unique physical and chemical properties distinct from bulk materials.
• * These properties drive applications in medicine, electronics, agriculture, and catalysis.
• * Biological synthesis offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional nanoparticle production.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To provide a bio-oriented audience with an understanding of nanoparticle properties and characterization.
• * To highlight the differences between nanomaterials and bulk materials.
• * To review biological synthesis methods and their advantages.

Main Methods:

• * Review of physicochemical properties (mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electronic, optical, catalytic).
• * Comprehensive overview of characterization techniques for nanoparticles.
• * Compilation of examples of biogenic nanoparticles and their applications.

Main Results:

• * Nanoparticles possess enhanced properties due to their small size.
• * Biological synthesis methods are emerging as sustainable alternatives.
• * Various characterization techniques are crucial for understanding nanoparticle behavior.

Conclusions:

• * Nanoparticles offer significant potential across multiple industries.
• * Accessible characterization methods are vital for advancing nanoscience.
• * This review aims to guide biologists in applying nanoscience methodologies.