Ultrafast self-heating synthesis of robust heterogeneous nanocarbides for high current density hydrogen evolution reaction

Designing cost-effective and high-efficiency catalysts to electrolyze water is an effective way of producing hydrogen. Practical applications require highly active and stable hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts working at high current densities (≥1000 mA cm^-2). However, it is challenging to simultaneously enhance the catalytic activity and interface stability of these catalysts. Herein, we report a rapid, energy-saving, and self-heating method to synthesize high-efficiency Mo₂C/MoC/carbon nanotube hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts by ultrafast heating and cooling. The experiments and density functional theory calculations reveal that numerous Mo₂C/MoC hetero-interfaces offer abundant active sites with a moderate hydrogen adsorption free energy ΔG_H* (0.02 eV), and strong chemical bonding between the Mo₂C/MoC catalysts and carbon nanotube heater/electrode significantly enhances the mechanical stability owing to instantaneous high temperature. As a result, the Mo₂C/MoC/carbon nanotube catalyst achieves low overpotentials of 233 and 255 mV at 1000 and 1500 mA cm^-2 in 1 M KOH, respectively, and the overpotential shows only a slight change after working at 1000 mA cm^-2 for 14 days, suggesting the excellent activity and stability of the high-current-density hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst. The promising activity, excellent stability, and high productivity of our catalyst can fulfil the demands of hydrogen production in various applications.