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Compensation for wind drift during raptor migration improves with age through mortality selection.

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Young black kites improve their ability to navigate wind drift over many years, a skill crucial for survival. This lifelong learning shapes adult populations and aids adaptation to climate change.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Migratory animals face challenges from environmental factors like wind drift.
  • The developmental trajectory and selective pressures of drift compensation are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the ability to compensate for drift develops throughout an individual's life.
  • To determine the selective pressures acting on drift negotiation skills in migratory birds.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 3,140 migration days from 90 GPS-tagged black kites (Milvus migrans).
  • Study included individuals aged 1-27 years to assess age-related development.
  • Examined mortality rates in relation to navigation ability.

Main Results:

  • Drift compensation ability improves gradually over many years, longer than previously thought.
  • Individuals with poor navigation skills experienced higher mortality, indicating strong selective pressure.
  • Adult kites demonstrated flexible, context- and risk-dependent compensation for drift.

Conclusions:

  • Migratory journeys are critical periods for trait selection, shaping adult populations.
  • The development of drift negotiation skills is vital for individual survival and population adaptation.
  • This lifelong learning process is essential for adapting migratory populations to climate change.