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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
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Current and Future Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis.

Jennifer Yang1, Maysa Hamade1, Qi Wu1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurofilament light chain (NfL) shows promise as a multiple sclerosis (MS) biomarker, but its limitations necessitate a comprehensive panel. Advanced bioinformatic approaches are crucial for developing reliable diagnostic and prognostic tools for MS.

Keywords:
biomarkerscytokinesdisease progressionmetabolitesmicrobiomemultiple sclerosisneurofilament light chainprognosissCD40L

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive autoimmune disorder with limited effective treatments, particularly for its advanced stages.
  • Current methods for monitoring neurodegeneration in MS are often insensitive, hindering clinical trial efficacy.
  • Neurofilament light chain (NfL) has emerged as a potential biomarker for MS disease activity and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To identify the limitations of NfL and other existing biomarkers for MS.
  • To explore advanced bioinformatic approaches for developing a comprehensive panel of MS biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on NfL and other MS biomarkers.
  • Analysis of factors confounding NfL measurements (age, BMI, blood volume).
  • Exploration of bioinformatic strategies including miRNA, extracellular vesicles, metabolomics, and microbiome analysis.

Main Results:

  • NfL shows potential but is limited by its presence in other neurodegenerative diseases and confounding factors.
  • Existing biomarkers for axonal damage, inflammation, and demyelination also face limitations.
  • A multi-biomarker approach integrating various 'omics' data and bioinformatic analysis is proposed.

Conclusions:

  • Sole reliance on NfL or other single biomarkers is insufficient for monitoring MS activity.
  • A comprehensive biomarker panel utilizing advanced bioinformatic techniques is necessary for accurate MS diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Further research is needed to develop and validate novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker tools for MS.