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A Multifunctional Battery-Free Bluetooth Low Energy Wireless Sensor Node Remotely Powered by Electromagnetic Wireless

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This study introduces a battery-free wireless sensing node for monitoring reinforced concrete. The autonomous node harvests energy wirelessly and transmits sensor data using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), enabling continuous structural health monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  • Civil Engineering

Background:

  • Structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete is crucial for infrastructure longevity.
  • Traditional sensing nodes require batteries, limiting their operational lifespan and maintenance feasibility.
  • Wireless power transmission and energy harvesting offer a sustainable solution for autonomous sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multifunctional, battery-free wireless sensing node (SN) for embedded monitoring of reinforced concrete.
  • To enable autonomous operation through wireless power transmission and energy harvesting.
  • To facilitate real-time data acquisition of physical parameters like temperature, humidity, and resistivity.

Main Methods:

  • Design and implementation of an energy harvesting system utilizing RF-to-DC converters (rectifiers) optimized for low input power.
  • Integration of power management units (PMUs) to manage harvested energy and power active components.
  • Utilizing a low-power digital sensor (HD2080) for temperature and humidity, and a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transceiver (QN9080 SoC) for wireless data transmission.
  • Configuring the SN in broadcasting mode for low power consumption and deep-sleep functionality.

Main Results:

  • The wireless sensing node successfully harvests energy from RF sources, enabling autonomous operation.
  • Demonstrated efficient energy harvesting using a voltage doubler topology with SMS7630-005LF Schottky diode and optimized PMUs for different ISM bands (868 MHz and 2.45 GHz).
  • Achieved a first charging time of 48 seconds and a recharge duration of 27 seconds for a complete measurement and data transmission cycle in far-field measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The developed battery-free wireless sensing node offers a viable solution for long-term, autonomous monitoring of reinforced concrete structures.
  • The system's energy harvesting capabilities and low-power wireless communication ensure continuous data collection with minimal maintenance.
  • This technology has the potential to significantly enhance the safety and management of critical infrastructure through advanced structural health monitoring.