Candidate Molecular Compounds as Potential Indicators for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Biochemistry
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the primary cause of global dry eye disease.
• Alterations in meibum composition, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, are observed in MGD patients compared to healthy individuals.
• Specific molecules like antileukoproteinase, phospholipase A2, and lactoperoxidase show differential concentrations in tears, suggesting potential biomarker roles.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review molecules with potential as biomarkers for MGD.
• To explore lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates as diagnostic, monitoring, predictive, and risk biomarkers.
• To highlight the need for multiplex biomarker panels due to MGD complexity.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating molecular changes in MGD.
• Analysis of molecular alterations in meibum and tear fluid.
• Identification of candidate biomarkers from various molecular classes.

Main Results:

• Numerous molecules, including interleukins, amino acids, cadherins, eicosanoids, carbohydrates, and proteins, are altered in MGD.
• Certain proteins and enzymes in tears exhibit concentration differences in MGD patients.
• MGD's complexity necessitates a multi-analyte approach for effective biomarker strategies.

Conclusions:

• A diverse range of molecules in meibum and tears holds promise as biomarkers for MGD.
• Multiplex biomarker panels are likely essential for accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and risk assessment of MGD.
• Further research into these molecular candidates can advance MGD management.