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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
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Rat Anterior Cingulate Cortex Continuously Signals Decision Variables in a Patch Foraging Task.

Gary A Kane1,2, Morgan H James3,4, Amitai Shenhav5

  • 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 gakane@bu.edu.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|June 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animals

Keywords:
anterior cingulate cortexdecision-makingelectrophysiologyforagingmarginal value theoremrats

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Patch foraging requires decisions on resource exploitation versus searching for alternatives.
  • Optimal foraging theory (OFT) predicts leaving a patch when reward rate matches the average.
  • The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in these foraging decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if ACC activity patterns reflect dynamic decision variables in foraging.
  • To determine if ACC signals are directly involved in patch-leaving decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a leaky accumulator model based on the marginal value theorem (MVT).
  • Recorded ACC activity in male rats performing a patch foraging task.
  • Pharmacologically inactivated the ACC in male rats to assess its role in decision-making.

Main Results:

  • Model-predicted MVT decision variables closely matched ACC activity.
  • ACC inactivation significantly altered foraging decisions and response times.
  • Rats continued to follow the MVT decision rule even after ACC inactivation.

Conclusions:

  • The ACC encodes foraging-related variables but these signals may not directly guide patch-leaving decisions.
  • ACC activity appears to play a role in monitoring and regulating ongoing cognitive processes during foraging.