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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Non-coding RNA-based regulation of inflammation.

Milad Ashrafizadeh1, Ali Zarrabi2, Ebrahim Mostafavi3

  • 1Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey.

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Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, play crucial roles in regulating inflammation. These molecules offer potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for inflammation-related diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Inflammation is a complex biological process implicated in numerous diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and cancer.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical regulators of cellular functions in both health and disease.
  • Specific ncRNAs, namely microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are increasingly recognized for their roles in inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in the regulation and resolution of inflammation.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which these ncRNAs modulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways.
  • To discuss the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in inflammation-associated diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pre-clinical and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of ncRNA interactions with inflammatory pathways (e.g., SIRT1, NF-κB, cytokines).
  • Examination of exosomal ncRNAs in inflammation resolution.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs regulate inflammatory factors by targeting 3'-UTRs or affecting pathways like SIRT1 and NF-κB.
  • LncRNAs and circRNAs modulate cytokine levels, with circRNAs often acting as miRNA sponges.
  • Exosomal ncRNAs demonstrate potential in resolving inflammation.
  • Clinical trials are investigating the role of ncRNAs in inflammation-mediated diseases.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are key regulators of inflammatory processes.
  • These ncRNAs offer significant potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Targeting ncRNAs presents a promising therapeutic strategy for managing inflammation-related diseases.