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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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Individual and Sociolinguistic Differences in Language Background Predict Stroop Performance.

Max R Freeman1, Jonathan J D Robinson Anthony2, Viorica Marian3

  • 1Language Acquisition and Bilingualism Lab, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, St. John's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Communication
|June 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilinguals with more language experience and cognitive skills performed better on a non-linguistic task. Sociolinguistic context also influenced cognitive control, with Midwest participants outperforming those in Southern California.

Keywords:
Stroopage of acquisitionbilingualismcognitive controldominancefacilitationinhibitionproficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience of Language

Background:

  • Bilingualism research often overlooks individual differences in language experience.
  • Sociolinguistic context, the environment where languages are used, can influence cognitive processes.
  • Cognitive control is a key executive function affected by bilingualism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how varying language experience and sociolinguistic context affect cognitive control in Spanish-English bilinguals.
  • To determine if individual differences in L2 proficiency, exposure, and non-verbal reasoning predict performance on a cognitive task.
  • To compare cognitive control across different sociolinguistic contexts (Midwest vs. Southern California).

Main Methods:

  • 146 Spanish-English bilinguals completed a non-linguistic Stroop arrows task measuring cognitive control.
  • Language experience was assessed via L2 proficiency, exposure, age of acquisition, and vocabulary.
  • Cognitive abilities were measured using non-verbal reasoning tests.

Main Results:

  • Individual differences in language experience (proficiency, exposure, vocabulary) and cognitive abilities (non-verbal reasoning) predicted more efficient Stroop task performance.
  • Participants from the Midwest showed smaller Stroop and facilitation effects compared to those in Southern California.
  • No significant group differences were found for the inhibition effect.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive consequences of bilingualism are influenced by a continuum of language experiences, not just bilingual status.
  • Sociolinguistic environments play a crucial role and must be considered in bilingualism research.
  • Future studies should integrate individual linguistic histories and naturalistic language use contexts.