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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Model to Study the Systemic and Local Dynamics of CD8+ T Cells During LN Metastasis
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Benign lymph node microenvironment is associated with response to immunotherapy.

Maria I Toki1, Deepika Kumar1, Fahad S Ahmed1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.

Precision Clinical Medicine
|June 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Benign lymph nodes in cancer patients reveal immune status. Non-responders show more activated T cells and PD-L1 macrophages in lymph nodes, unlike responders, suggesting lymph node analysis predicts immunotherapy response.

Keywords:
lymph node microenvironmentquantitative immunofluorescenceresponse to immunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Benign lymph nodes are crucial for immune surveillance in cancer patients.
  • Lymphoid tissue microenvironments can become immune-suppressed, aiding tumor growth.
  • Understanding benign lymph node changes during immune checkpoint blockade therapy is key to assessing treatment response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of benign lymph nodes and spleen in patients undergoing immunotherapy.
  • To determine if lymph node microenvironment changes correlate with response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) was used to analyze tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and macrophage markers (CD3, GranzymeB, Ki67) in benign lymph nodes and spleen from immunotherapy patients.
  • Immunohistochemistry was performed to validate QIF findings.

Main Results:

  • Non-responders exhibited higher cytotoxic markers and proliferation (Ki67) in T cells within benign lymph nodes compared to responders.
  • Macrophages expressing higher PD-L1 and increased CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cells were observed in non-responders' lymph nodes.
  • No significant differences were found in splenic tissue between responders and non-responders.

Conclusions:

  • Benign lymph node microenvironments can serve as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy response, shifting focus from the tumor microenvironment.
  • In responders, lymph nodes show signs of immune mobilization with reduced cytotoxic T cells.
  • Non-responders display increased PD-L1 expressing macrophages and activated T cells not trafficked to the tumor site.