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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Athletic Shoulder Test Differences Exist Bilaterally in Healthy Pitchers.

Aaron Trunt1, Brandon T Fisher2, Lisa N MacFadden1

  • 1Sports Science Institute, Sanford Health.

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Summary

The Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test effectively measures shoulder strength adaptations in baseball pitchers, but peak force does not correlate with fastball velocity. This test can monitor arm health during rehabilitation or as a screening tool.

Keywords:
assessmentbaseballisometricrehabilitationupper extremity

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • A validated and reliable upper extremity strength test is needed for throwing athletes' rehabilitation and injury prevention.
  • The Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test shows promise but requires study in baseball pitchers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish normative ASH test values for healthy baseball pitchers.
  • Compare ASH test performance bilaterally and with other shoulder strength tests.
  • Determine if ASH test performance correlates with fastball velocity.

Main Methods:

  • College and high school pitchers underwent ASH testing (isometric strength at various abduction angles) and other shoulder assessments.
  • Fastball velocity was recorded during bullpen sessions.
  • Paired t-tests and Pearson correlations analyzed bilateral differences and strength-velocity relationships.

Main Results:

  • Pitchers showed greater isometric strength in the throwing arm at 90° and 135° abduction.
  • Throwing arms exhibited typical adaptations: increased external rotation, decreased internal rotation ROM, and greater rotator strength.
  • Peak ASH test force did not correlate with fastball velocity.

Conclusions:

  • The ASH test detects bilateral shoulder adaptations in pitchers, similar to other clinical tests.
  • The ASH test can monitor throwing arm strength and function for rehabilitation and screening.
  • ASH test force should be used cautiously for predicting fastball velocity.