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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

55.7K
Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
479
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

13.0K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
13.0K
Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

1.8K
When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
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Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

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Local Ice-like Structure at the Liquid Water Surface.

Nathan L Odendahl1,2, Phillip L Geissler1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid water surfaces exhibit unique ice-like structures, revealed through simulations. These findings explain surface behaviors and extend understanding of the quasi-ice layer above water's melting point.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Liquid water surfaces display unique behaviors distinct from bulk water.
  • Previous studies reported layering and orientational biases at the air-water interface.
  • An overarching framework explaining these surface phenomena was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the origins and relationships of distinct structural features at the liquid water surface.
  • To establish an analogy between liquid water surface structure and crystalline ice.
  • To provide a unified understanding of water surface behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced computer simulations to model the air-water interface.
  • Analyzed molecular density and orientation perpendicular to the interface.
  • Investigated lateral correlations in hydrogen bond network geometry.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significant structural similarities between liquid water and ice surfaces.
  • Identified ice-like domains at the air-water interface, extending 2-3 molecular diameters.
  • Observed shared characteristic layering of molecular density and orientation.
  • Found parallel structural similarities in hydrogen bond network geometry.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid water surface structure can be understood through an analogy with the basal face of crystalline ice.
  • The findings extend previous conceptions of ice-like structures at liquid water boundaries.
  • Suggests the quasi-liquid layer on ice evolves into a quasi-ice layer on liquid water above the melting point.