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Related Concept Videos

Cell Migration01:09

Cell Migration

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Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms throughout their life. When cells are not able to migrate properly to their ordained locations, various disorders may occur. For example, disruption in cell migration causes chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia01:35

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Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However,...
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Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Selectins01:25

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Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
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Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow
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Flow goes forward and cells step backward: endothelial migration.

Heon-Woo Lee1, Jae Hun Shin2, Michael Simons3,4

  • 1Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Experimental & Molecular Medicine
|June 14, 2022
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Venous endothelial cells are key drivers of blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) in development and disease. New research highlights their unique role in forming new vasculature, updating our understanding of this vital process.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The vasculature, comprising systemic and pulmonary circulations, is crucial for biological functions.
  • Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells are the primary components of blood vessels.
  • Endothelial cell proliferation and migration are fundamental to vascular development and tissue repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding angiogenesis.
  • To explore the origin of endothelial cells during vascular expansion.
  • To propose an updated model of angiogenesis based on emerging data.

Main Methods:

  • Cell fate mapping
  • Time-lapse imaging
  • Genome editing
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing

Main Results:

  • Endothelial cells exhibit significant heterogeneity based on vasculature type and organ.
  • Venous endothelial cells have emerged as a primary source for endothelial mass during angiogenesis.
  • Recent technical advancements have clarified the role of venous endothelial cells in normal and pathological angiogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Venous endothelial cells play a unique and critical role in developmental and pathological angiogenesis.
  • An updated model of angiogenesis is proposed, emphasizing the contribution of venous endothelial cells.
  • Understanding endothelial cell diversity is crucial for studying vascular formation and disease.