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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Transcription Factors02:16

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Isotype-specific plasma cells express divergent transcriptional programs.

Brett W Higgins1, Andrew G Shuparski1, Karen B Miller1

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 15, 2022
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This study reveals how different antibody-producing plasma cells (PCs) develop distinct molecular programs. These programs control immune responses for immediate antigen clearance and long-term protection, offering therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Antibodies, crucial for immunity, exist in various isotypes with specialized functions.
  • Plasma cells (PCs) are key antibody producers, but their isotype-specific molecular programs are not fully understood.
  • Understanding these programs is vital for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular programs of isotype-specific murine plasma cells (PCs) after immunization and in steady-state immunity.
  • To dissect conserved and divergent molecular components in antigen-specific IgM+ and IgG2a/b+ PC differentiation.
  • To understand how germinal center reactions shape distinct PC programs for long-term immune function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a single-cell-indexed and targeted molecular strategy.
  • Analyzed plasma cell differentiation following T cell-dependent immunization.
  • Examined plasma cell populations within established steady-state immunity.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct molecular programs for antigen-specific IgM+ and inflammation-modulating IgG2a/b+ plasma cells during the effector phase.
  • Demonstrated that the germinal center cycle imparts separate programs for inhibitory IgG1+ and inflammatory IgG2a/b+ plasma cells.
  • Observed segregation of IgM+ and IgG2b+ plasma cell programs from IgA+ plasma cell programs in steady-state immunity, highlighting specialized roles.

Conclusions:

  • Diverse, isotype-specific molecular pathways govern plasma cell differentiation.
  • These pathways control distinct modules of antigen clearance and immune protection.
  • Targeting these pathways holds potential for immunotherapeutic applications and vaccine design.