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Social, Economic, Technological, and Environmental Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and
Gisoo Alizadeh1, Kamal Gholipour2, Saber Azami-Aghdash3
1Department of Health policy and Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Insights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is influenced by many factors beyond genetics. This review identified 15 key social, economic, technological, and environmental factors that impact heart health and require policy attention.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Social Determinants of Health
Background:
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality globally.
- Risk factors for CVD include genetic predispositions and modifiable lifestyle choices.
- Socioeconomic, technological, and environmental factors significantly impact CVD development and prevalence.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and explore the multifaceted factors affecting cardiovascular disease.
- To identify and categorize determinants of CVD beyond traditional risk factors.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of multiple databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane) and gray literature.
- Inclusion of studies detailing at least one determinant of CVD.
- Qualitative data analysis using the framework method.
Main Results:
- 64 studies from 26 countries were included, identifying 45 determinants of CVD.
- These determinants were grouped into social, economic, technological, and environmental categories.
- Fifteen potentially reversible factors were identified, including sociodemographics, smoking, psychological distress, environmental pollution, and socioeconomic status.
Conclusions:
- Effective health policies must address social, economic, technological, and environmental determinants of CVD.
- A collaborative prevention agenda is needed to reduce CVD mortality and associated risk factors.
- Addressing these broader factors is crucial for increasing life expectancy and improving public health outcomes.
Background:
Today, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in both sexes. There are several risk factors for heart diseases; some controllable, others not. However, socioeconomic, technological, and environmental factors can impact CVD as well as exclusive risk factors. Accurate identification and assessment of these factors are often difficult. In the present systematic review, we aimed to explore factors affecting CVD.
Methods:
Multiple databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane) and gray literature were searched. The included studies described at least one determinant of CVD. The framework method was applied to analyze the qualitative data.
Results:
A total of 64 studies from 26 countries were included. The contextual determinants of CVD were categorized into 45 determinants, 15 factors, and 4 main social, economic, technological, and environmental categories. The 15 potentially reversible factors were identified as sociodemographic, violence, smoking, occupation, positive childhood experience, social inequalities, psychological distress, eating habits, neighborhood, family income, rapid technology, environmental pollution, living environments, noise, and disaster.
Conclusions:
Devolution and more efficient health policies are required to achieve further sustained reduction in CVD mortality, increase life expectancy, and reduce its associated risk factors. Policymakers should fully address the value of social, economic, technological, and environmental factors. In fact, a prevention agenda should be developed and updated collaboratively in terms of the determinant factors.
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