Local excitation and valley polarization in graphene with multi-harmonic pulses

We elucidate the mechanism of strong laser pulse excitation in pristine graphene with multi-harmonic pulses, linearly polarized parallel to the line connecting the two different Dirac points in the Brillouin zone and with a maximal vector potential given by the distance of those points. The latter two conditions have emerged from our previous work [Kelardeh et al., Phys. Rev. Res., 2022, 4, L022014] as favorable for large valley polarization. We introduce a novel compacted representation for excitation, locally resolved in the initial conditions for the crystal momenta. These maps are our main tool to gain insight into the excitation dynamics. They also help with understanding the effect of dephasing. We work out why a long wavelength and a moderate number of overtones in the harmonic pulse generate the largest valley polarizations.