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The toxicity of salt.

H D Battarbee, G R Meneely

    CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology
    |September 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    Chronic excessive sodium intake is a significant factor in developing essential hypertension, stroke, and gastric cancer, especially in genetically susceptible individuals. Reducing salt consumption and increasing potassium intake may offer protective benefits.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nutritional Science
    • Cardiovascular Health
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • The role of sodium toxicity in chronic diseases, particularly essential hypertension, remains a subject of debate.
    • Documenting the insidious effects of moderate chronic sodium consumption is challenging due to environmental influences and genetic predispositions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the etiological role of chronic excess sodium ingestion in essential hypertension and its sequelae.
    • To explore the correlation between dietary salt, stroke, gastric cancer, and the protective role of dietary potassium.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies on chronic sodium excess and hypertension.
    • Analysis of correlations between dietary salt intake and the incidence of stroke and gastric cancer.
    • Examination of the potential protective mechanisms of dietary potassium against sodium toxicity.

    Main Results:

    • Chronic excess sodium ingestion is an important etiological factor in essential hypertension and its sequelae, particularly in genetically susceptible individuals.
    • Positive correlations were observed between dietary salt and the incidence of stroke and gastric cancer.
    • Dietary potassium may offer some protection against the toxic effects of sodium through an unknown mechanism.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimal daily salt intake for humans is estimated at approximately 3.5 g/day or less, contrasting with current consumption in developed countries (8-40 g/day).
    • Modern food processing often reduces protective potassium levels, exacerbating the risks associated with high sodium intake.
    • Recognizing sodium's toxicity and understanding its mechanisms can significantly advance preventive medicine, potentially by identifying susceptible individuals and implementing dietary interventions to prevent or minimize hypertension.

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