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Fast-Food Optimal Defaults Reduce Calories Ordered, as Well as Dietary Autonomy: A Scenario-Based Experiment.

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Setting low-calorie options as defaults in fast-food drive-throughs significantly reduced ordered calories. However, this strategy impacted perceived dietary autonomy, especially for those with high health concerns.

Keywords:
Combo mealDefaultDietary autonomyFast-food restaurantHealth concernNudges

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Public Health Nutrition
  • Restaurant Industry Studies

Background:

  • Low-calorie menu items as defaults can promote healthier eating habits in restaurants.
  • Limited research exists on default effects from both restaurateur and public health viewpoints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of optimal defaults on calorie consumption, dietary autonomy, and customer visit intention.
  • To analyze these effects within a fast-food drive-through ordering scenario.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, scenario-based experiment was conducted with 377 US adults.
  • Participants visualized ordering from menus with customer choice, traditional high-calorie defaults, or low-calorie optimal defaults.
  • Statistical analyses included regression, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-squared, and ANOVA tests.

Main Results:

  • Optimal defaults significantly reduced calories ordered by 337 kcal compared to choice menus (P < .001).
  • Traditional defaults increased calories by 132 kcal (P < .001).
  • Dietary autonomy was affected by optimal defaults (P = .025), with effects moderated by health concern for traditional defaults.

Conclusions:

  • Implementing optimal defaults robustly reduces calorie intake in fast-food settings.
  • Considerations regarding dietary autonomy are necessary when utilizing optimal default strategies.