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When time stands upright: STEARC effects along the vertical axis.

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The spatial-temporal association of response codes (STEARC) effect shows time can be mapped vertically. A top-to-bottom representation emerged with two durations, but an inverted bottom-to-top mapping appeared with more durations.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-computer interaction

Background:

  • The spatial-temporal association of response codes (STEARC) effect posits a left-to-right spatial representation of time.
  • Previous research on vertical STEARC effects has produced inconsistent findings.
  • Understanding temporal-spatial mappings is crucial for cognitive science and interface design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the emergence of STEARC effects along the vertical axis.
  • To explore how stimulus complexity influences vertical time representation.
  • To validate a novel experimental paradigm for studying temporal-spatial associations.

Main Methods:

  • Six experiments utilized a novel paradigm with speeded manual responses on a vertically oriented response box.
  • Participants classified the temporal duration of visual stimuli.
  • Control experiments assessed horizontal STEARC effects and non-temporal stimulus classification.

Main Results:

  • A top-to-bottom temporal representation emerged with two distinct durations.
  • An inverted bottom-to-top representation was observed with a continuum of durations.
  • No STEARC effects were found when classifying stimulus shapes, confirming task specificity.
  • Horizontal STEARC effects were successfully replicated, validating the paradigm.

Conclusions:

  • Temporal durations can be mapped along the vertical axis, challenging previous assumptions.
  • The direction of vertical time representation is flexible and context-dependent.
  • The novel paradigm is effective for studying temporal-spatial associations across different axes.