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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Viral Recombination00:57

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Acute neurologic emerging flaviviruses.

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Emerging infectious diseases pose significant neurological risks due to factors like climate change and global travel. Understanding neurotropic pathogens is crucial for prevention and control.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted global vulnerabilities in managing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
  • Communicable diseases, influenced by environmental, immunological, and pathogen factors, can cause significant neurological damage.
  • Factors like climate change, population growth, and global travel facilitate the spread of pathogens with neurotropic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key concepts of emerging and re-emerging pathogens.
  • To discuss factors influencing neurotropism and neuroinvasion.
  • To highlight specific neurotropic pathogens and their impact on the central nervous system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on emerging pathogens and neuroinfectious diseases.
  • Discussion of factors contributing to pathogen emergence and spread.
  • Focus on flaviviruses and their global expansion.

Main Results:

  • Novel neurotropic pathogens are identified using advanced techniques like metagenomic next-generation sequencing.
  • Known pathogens are expanding their geographic reach, infecting non-immune populations.
  • Antimicrobial misuse and immunomodulatory treatments contribute to challenges in managing neurotropic infections.

Conclusions:

  • Neurotropic pathogens, particularly vector-borne flaviviruses like West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV), represent a growing global health concern.
  • These pathogens can cause severe central nervous system (CNS) infections.
  • Continued surveillance and research are essential to address the expanding threat of neuroinfectious diseases.