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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language01:16

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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The barriers to effective communication also include cultural barriers, semantic barriers, gender barriers, and time constraints.
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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

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Why language matters in alcohol research: Reducing stigma.

Hannah D Shi1, Sherry A McKee2, Kelly P Cosgrove2

  • 1Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research
|June 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Stigmatizing language in alcohol research persists, with "alcoholic" appearing in over 40% of studies in 2020. Reducing such terms can improve treatment seeking and outcomes for alcohol use disorder.

Keywords:
stigmaterminology

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Area of Science:

  • Addiction research
  • Public health
  • Medical terminology

Background:

  • Stigmatizing language negatively impacts treatment seeking, care quality, and outcomes for individuals with alcohol and drug use disorders.
  • International guidelines recommend against using stigmatizing terms for individuals with addictive disorders.
  • Previous research has highlighted the negative effects of stigmatizing language on individuals with substance use disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the use of stigmatizing language in National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded research and reviews published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (ACER) from 2010 to 2020.
  • To raise awareness within the alcohol research community regarding the continued use of stigmatizing terminology.
  • To provide data that can inform the shift towards more person-first and non-stigmatizing language in addiction research.

Main Methods:

  • Searched NIH-funded ACER articles on PubMed Central (PMC) from 2010-2020 for specific pejorative and outdated terms.
  • Calculated the percentage of articles containing terms of interest annually.
  • Conducted a manual search on the Wiley Online Database for a subset of articles to assess the manner of term usage.

Main Results:

  • The use of pejorative and outdated terminology in ACER has decreased over the decade studied.
  • The term "alcoholic" continued to be used in over 40% of searched articles in 2020.
  • A manual search revealed approximately 30% of articles used "alcoholic" in a stigmatizing manner.

Conclusions:

  • Continued use of stigmatizing language, such as "alcoholic," perpetuates negative biases against individuals with alcohol use disorder.
  • Shifting away from discriminatory language is crucial for improving perceptions and conceptions of alcohol use disorder.
  • Reducing stigma through careful language choice can potentially increase treatment seeking and improve outcomes for individuals with alcohol use disorder.