Osteogenic Competence and Potency of the Bone Induction Principle: Inductive Substrates That Initiate "Bone:...

The de novo induction of bone has always been a fascinating phenomenon, keeping skeletal reconstructionists and cellular developmental biologists continuously engaged to finally provide a molecular and cellular approach to the induction of bone formation. A significant advancement was made by the purification and cloning of the human recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins, members of the transforming growth factor-β supergene family. Human bone morphogenetic proteins are powerful inducers of bone in animal models including nonhuman primates. Translation in clinical contexts has however, proven to be surprisingly difficult. This review also describes the significant induction of bone formation by the human transforming growth factor-β3 when implanted in heterotopic intramuscular sites of the Chacma baboon Papio ursinus. Large mandibular defects implanted with 250 mg human transforming growth factor-β3 in human patients showed significant osteoinduction; however, the induction of bone was comparatively less than the induction of bone in P ursinus once again highlighting the conundrum of human osteoinduction: is the bone induction principle failing clinical translation?