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Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Translation01:31

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
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Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Optogenetic Phase Transition of TDP-43 in Spinal Motor Neurons of Zebrafish Larvae
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Transfer RNA processing - from a structural and disease perspective.

Samoil Sekulovski1, Simon Trowitzsch1

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.

Biological Chemistry
|June 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) undergo complex maturation, including splicing, essential for protein synthesis and cellular balance. Dysfunctional tRNA splicing is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting its critical role in neurological health.

Keywords:
RNA processingend maturationendonucleaseneurodegenerative disordersstructural biologytRNA splicing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are crucial non-coding RNAs for translation and cellular homeostasis.
  • tRNA maturation involves intricate steps like sequence removal, base modifications, and nucleotide addition.
  • tRNA nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is vital for ribosome accessibility and protein synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize structural aspects of tRNA processing, focusing on intron-containing tRNA splicing.
  • To discuss the role of tRNA splicing machinery, particularly endonuclease and ligase, in neurological pathologies.
  • To explore novel RNA substrates and functions of the tRNA splicing machinery beyond canonical tRNA processing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural and biochemical studies on tRNA processing.
  • Emphasis on the mechanisms of intron removal by tRNA splicing endonuclease and ligase.
  • Analysis of literature linking tRNA processing defects to neurodegenerative disorders.

Main Results:

  • tRNA splicing is a key maturation step involving specific enzymatic machinery.
  • Defects in tRNA processing and splicing are associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
  • The tRNA splicing machinery recognizes non-canonical RNA substrates, suggesting broader functions.

Conclusions:

  • Structural insights into tRNA processing, especially splicing, are critical for understanding cellular homeostasis.
  • The tRNA splicing pathway is a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Further research into the non-canonical functions of tRNA splicing enzymes may reveal new insights into disease mechanisms.