Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Sample Preparation to Bioinformatics Analysis of DNA Methylation: Association Strategy for Obesity and Related Trait Studies
Published on: May 6, 2022
A POPULATION STUDY ON GENDER AND ETHNICITY DIFFERENCES IN GALLBLADDER DISEASE IN BRAZIL
João Henrique Fonseca do Nascimento1, Selton Cavalcante Tomaz1, Benjamim Messias de Souza-Filho1
1Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Departamento de Ciências da Vida - Salvador - Bahia - Brasil.
Aim:
Gallbladder diseases (GBD) are one of the most common medical conditions requiring surgical intervention, both electively and urgently. It is widely accepted that sex and ethnic characteristics mighty influence both prevalence and outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the differences on distributions of gender and ethnicity related to the epidemiology of GBD in the Brazilian public health system.
Methods:
DATASUS was used to retrieve patients' data recorded under the International Code of Diseases (ICD-10) - code K80 from January 2008 to December 2019. The number of admissions, modality of care, number of deaths, and in-hospital mortality rate were analyzed by gender and ethnic groups.
Results:
Between 2008 and 2019, a total of 2,899,712 patients with cholelithiasis/cholecystitis (K80) were admitted to the hospitals of the Brazilian Unified Health System, of whom only 22.7% were males. Yet, the in-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in males (15.9 per 1,000 male patients) than females (6.3 per 1,000 female patients) (p<0.05). Moreover, men presented a significantly higher risk of death (RR=2.5; p<0.05) and longer hospital stay (4.4 days vs. 3.3 days; p<0.05) than females. Compared to females, men presented a higher risk of death across all self-declared ethnic groups: whites (RR=2.4; p<0.05), blacks (RR=2.7; p<0.05), browns (RR=2.6; p<0.05), and Brazilian Indians (RR=2.13; p<0.05).
Conclusion:
In the years 2008-2019, women presented the highest prevalence of hospital admissions for GBD in Brazil, and men were associated with worse outcomes, including all ethnic groups.
Related Concept Videos
Gallbladder
The gallbladder's anatomy consists of three regions: the fundus, body, and neck. Extending from the neck, the cystic duct joins...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
Bias in Epidemiological Studies
Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System II: Health Perception Pattern
Health Perception Patterns
Health perception patterns offer valuable insights into a patient's lifestyle habits and how they may impact their GI health. These patterns include:
Surveys
Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System I: Subjective Data
Health History
The initial step in assessing the GI system is obtaining a comprehensive health history. This includes inquiring about the patient's history or presence of problems...

