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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

598
The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
598

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Hydrophone Spatial Averaging Artifacts for ARFI Beams from Array Transducers.

Keith Wear1, Anant Shah2, Aoife M Ivory2

  • 1US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium : [Proceedings]. IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium
|June 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrophone spatial averaging causes underestimation of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) pressure measurements from clinical ultrasound arrays. This error compromises safety indexes like Mechanical Index (MI) and Thermal Index (TI).

Keywords:
acoustic outputacoustic radiation force impulseexposimetryhydrophonemembraneshear wave elastography

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Ultrasound Imaging
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Clinical ultrasound arrays generate acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) beams.
  • Hydrophone spatial averaging can lead to underestimation of ARFI pressure parameters.
  • Existing correction methods are not applicable to rectangularly-symmetric beams from linear and phased arrays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report underestimation of peak compressional pressure (pc), peak rarefactional pressure (pr), and pulse intensity integral (pii) due to hydrophone spatial averaging.
  • To investigate the impact of hydrophone size on spatial averaging errors for ARFI beams.
  • To highlight potential compromises in ultrasound exposure safety indexes (MI, TI).

Main Methods:

  • Generated ARFI beams using three clinical linear array transducers.
  • Measured output pressure waveforms using five hydrophones with varying sensitive element sizes (85–1000 microm).
  • Analyzed spatial averaging errors in pc, pr, and pii.

Main Results:

  • Spatial averaging errors increased with hydrophone sensitive element size.
  • For a typical membrane hydrophone (500 microm), errors reached approximately -20% (pc), -10% (pr), and -25% (pii) at 2.25 MHz and F/# 1.5.
  • Significant underestimation of ARFI pressure measurements was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Typical membrane hydrophones significantly underestimate ARFI pressure measurements due to spatial averaging.
  • This underestimation can compromise the accuracy of Mechanical Index (MI) and Thermal Index (TI).
  • Accurate pressure measurements are crucial for ensuring ultrasound exposure safety.