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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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A 3-D virtual human model for simulating heat and cold stress.

Tushar Gulati1,2, Rajeev Hatwar1,2, Ginu Unnikrishnan1,2

  • 1Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|June 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A new unified virtual human model accurately predicts body temperature changes in both heat and cold stress. This 3-D model validates well against experimental data, aiding injury risk assessment.

Keywords:
cold injurycold-water immersionexertional heat stressfrostbitehypothermia

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Existing thermoregulatory models often focus on heat stress, lacking a unified approach for both heat and cold.
  • Accurate prediction of human thermal responses is crucial for understanding injury risks in diverse environments.
  • The Pennes bioheat transfer equation provides a foundation but requires extensions for complex scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a unified, anatomically detailed 3-D virtual human model for predicting heat and cold stress.
  • To incorporate spatial variations in blood temperature and physiological responses like shivering and skin blood flow.
  • To assess the model's accuracy across a wide range of environmental conditions and physical activities.

Main Methods:

  • Extended a 3-D thermoregulatory virtual human model using a modified Pennes bioheat transfer equation.
  • Developed new formulations for spatial blood temperature variation and included shivering and skin blood flow.
  • Validated model predictions against experimental data from nine studies under various heat/cold stress conditions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved excellent agreement between model predictions and experimental data (e.g., ~0.2°C core temp error).
  • Demonstrated the critical role of spatially varying limb blood temperature for accurate cold exposure predictions.
  • The unified model accurately predicted thermal states in hot, cold, air, water, and during physical activity.

Conclusions:

  • The 3-D virtual human model provides a reliable, unified framework for predicting human thermal responses to heat and cold.
  • This model can accurately assess whole-body and localized tissue injury risks.
  • It serves as a valuable tool for developing systematic injury prevention and mitigation strategies.