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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
Published on: October 22, 2014
Peripheral artery disease independently associated with significantly higher risk for COVID-19 mortality: Evidence
Jiahao Ren1, Yuqing Hao2, Lan Nan3
1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, China.
Objective:
To investigate the influence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) on the risk of mortality among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients based on adjusted effect estimates.
Methods:
Systematic searches were performed through electronic databases. A random-effect model was applied to calculate the pooled effect and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Inconsistency index (I2) was used to evaluate the heterogeneity across studies. Sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and Begg's test were all implemented.
Results:
On the basis of 16 eligible studies with 142,832 COVID-19 patients, the meta-analysis showed that PAD significantly increased the risk for mortality among COVID-19 patients (pooled effect = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.10-1.51). The significant association was also observed in the subgroup analysis stratified by hospitalized patients, mean age ≥ 60 years, Europe and North America. Sensitivity analysis verified the robustness of our findings. Begg's test (P = 0.15) showed there was no potential publication bias.
Conclusions:
COVID-19 patients with PAD may have a greater risk of mortality. Clinicians and nursing staff are supposed to identify and monitor these high-risk patients in a timely manner and provide appropriate clinical treatment for them.
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