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Bateman gradients from first principles.

Jussi Lehtonen1

  • 1Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland. jussi.lehtonen@iki.fi.

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Mathematical models show that differences in gamete numbers can explain sex differences in reproductive success, a concept known as the Bateman gradient. This study formalizes Bateman

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Sexual selection
  • Reproductive strategies

Background:

  • Angus Bateman's 1948 work on sexual selection and the Bateman gradient remains influential.
  • The Bateman gradient links reproductive success to the number of mates an individual has.
  • A controversial assertion posits that sex differences in gamete numbers are the ultimate cause of differing Bateman gradients between sexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To mathematically model the relationship between gamete number asymmetry and Bateman gradients.
  • To investigate the influence of internal fertilization on this relationship.
  • To test the hypothesis that gamete number differences alone drive sex differences in reproductive success.

Main Methods:

  • Development of mathematical models simulating reproductive success based on gamete numbers.
  • Inclusion of variables for internal and external fertilization.
  • Analysis of model outputs to determine Bateman gradient patterns.

Main Results:

  • Asymmetry in gamete numbers alone can generate steeper Bateman gradients in males.
  • Internal fertilization, when efficient, maintains steeper male Bateman gradients.
  • Strong gamete limitation can equalize or reverse Bateman gradients depending on fertilization strategy.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides mathematical formalization for Bateman's hypothesis on gamete numbers and sexual selection.
  • Gamete number asymmetry is shown to be a potential driver of sex differences in Bateman gradients.
  • The link between gamete numbers and Bateman gradients is not absolute and depends on fertilization mechanisms.