Selenium Status in Paediatric Patients with Neurodevelopmental Diseases

Neurodevelopmental diseases are often associated with other comorbidities, especially inflammatory processes. The disease may affect the trace element (TE) status, which in turn may affect disease severity and progression. Selenium (Se) is an essential TE required for the biosynthesis of selenoproteins including the transporter selenoprotein P (SELENOP) and extracellular glutathione peroxidase (GPX3). SELENOP deficiency in transgenic mice resulted in a Se status-dependent phenotype characterized by impaired growth and disturbed neuronal development, with epileptic seizures on a Se-deficient diet. Therefore, we hypothesized that Se and SELENOP deficiencies may be prevalent in paediatric patients with a neurodevelopmental disease. In an exploratory cross-sectional study, serum samples from children with neurodevelopmental diseases (n = 147) were analysed for total serum Se, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations as well as for the TE biomarkers SELENOP, ceruloplasmin (CP), and GPX3 activity. Children with epilepsy displayed elevated Cu and Zn concentrations but no dysregulation of serum Se status. Significantly reduced SELENOP concentrations were found in association with intellectual disability (mean ± SD (standard deviation); 3.9 ± 0.9 mg/L vs. 4.4 ± 1.2 mg/L, p = 0.015). A particularly low GPX3 activity (mean ± SD; 172.4 ± 36.5 vs. 192.6 ± 46.8 U/L, p = 0.012) was observed in phacomatoses. Autoantibodies to SELENOP, known to impair Se transport, were not detected in any of the children. In conclusion, there was no general association between Se deficiency and epilepsy in this observational analysis, which does not exclude its relevance to individual cases. Sufficiently high SELENOP concentrations seem to be of relevance to the support of normal mental development. Decreased GPX3 activity in phacomatoses may be relevant to the characteristic skin lesions and merits further analysis. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the observed differences are relevant to disease progression and whether correcting a diagnosed TE deficiency may confer health benefits to affected children.