Extracellular Polymeric Substances: Still Promising Antivirals

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Virology
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Sulfated polysaccharides and polyanions have long been investigated for antiviral properties.
• Early in vitro studies showed high efficacy against viruses like HIV, but in vivo results led to skepticism.
• Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are a specific class of polyanions with potential antiviral applications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the use of sulfated polysaccharides and other polyanions in antiviral therapy, with a focus on EPSs.
• To argue for the reconsideration of polyanions, particularly EPSs, in antiviral treatment strategies.
• To address historical limitations and highlight recent advancements supporting their therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on sulfated polysaccharides and polyanions as antivirals.
• Analysis of in vitro and in vivo data regarding efficacy and toxicity.
• Examination of administration strategies to improve bioavailability.

Main Results:

• Early studies were hampered by low bioavailability of sulfated polysaccharides and polyanions.
• Adequate administration strategies, such as aerosolized nebulization, can enhance bioavailability for respiratory targets.
• Several sulfated polysaccharides and EPSs have shown a favorable non-toxic profile in animal studies.
• These macromolecules exhibit non-specific activity, suggesting potential against diverse viral variants and types.

Conclusions:

• Despite historical challenges, sulfated polysaccharides and polyanions, including EPSs, should be reconsidered for antiviral therapy.
• Improved administration routes and demonstrated safety profiles support their renewed investigation.
• The non-specific nature of these compounds offers a potential advantage for broad-spectrum antiviral applications.