Degradation of chlortetracycline hydrochloride by peroxymonosulfate activation on natural manganese sand through...

This work studies the degradation of chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) by activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with natural manganese sand (NMS). Meanwhile, the NMS was characterized and analyzed by isothermal nitrogen adsorption (BET), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It can be induced that NMS material may contain C, O, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, and K, and the proportion of each is 6%, 9%, 13%, 34%, 27%, 5%, and 6%. Critical parameters, including initial pH value, catalyst dosage, and PMS amount, were optimized through response surface methodology. One of the essential significances of response surface methodology (RSM) is the establishment and optimization of the mathematical model to reduce the complexity of the experimental process. It can provide the degree of mutual influence between various factors and optimize the response based on the investigated factors. Results indicated that 81.65% of CTC could be degraded under the optimized conditions of PMS amount 2.02 g/L, the NMS dosage 0.29 g/L and pH 3.87. Also, it shows that NMS is the most powerful of each factor on the degradation efficiency. We proposed the degradation pathways of CTC from the liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) results. Therefore, NMS could be applied as an efficient activator of peroxymonosulfate to purify the water and wastewater.