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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 6, 2025

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Advanced Cross-Correlation Function Application to Identify Arterial Baroreflex Sensitivity Variations From Healthy

Shoou-Jeng Yeh1, Chi-Wen Lung2,3, Yih-Kuen Jan3

  • 1Section of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|June 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

An advanced cross-correlation function (ACCF) effectively detects early autonomic neuropathy in diabetes patients. This new method distinguishes between diabetes with and without autonomic dysfunction, improving cardiovascular disease risk assessment.

Keywords:
advanced cross-correlation functionautonomic neuropathybaroreflex sensitivityblood pressurediabetes mellitusheart rate

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition causing severe organ damage, with autonomic neuropathy (AN) being a common complication affecting blood pressure control and cardiovascular health.
  • Early detection of AN in diabetic patients is critical for optimizing treatment and preventing cardiovascular disease.
  • Existing methods struggle to differentiate between diabetes with and without autonomic dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate an advanced cross-correlation function (ACCF) for early detection of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) changes in diabetic patients with autonomic dysfunction (DM+).
  • To assess the efficacy of ACCF in distinguishing between healthy individuals, diabetes mellitus only (DM-), and diabetes mellitus with autonomic dysfunction (DM+).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (BP) responses during tilt in 16 DM-, 19 DM+, and 10 healthy subjects.
  • Application of an advanced cross-correlation function (ACCF) with specific threshold parameters to analyze BP and HR data.
  • Comparison of ACCF results with standard cross-correlation analysis for diagnostic capability.

Main Results:

  • ACCF analysis revealed significant differences in filtered cross-correlation function values between healthy and DM groups (p < 0.05).
  • The maximum CCF value was significantly reduced during tilt in the DM+ group (p < 0.05), indicating impaired baroreflex sensitivity.
  • The maximum CCF index effectively separated healthy individuals from DM groups and distinguished DM+ from DM- groups, suggesting a phase shift in BRS control.

Conclusions:

  • ACCF analysis with appropriate thresholds can detect subtle changes in baroreflex control in diabetic patients, including those with autonomic neuropathy.
  • The ACCF algorithm demonstrates superiority over standard cross-correlation in differentiating diabetic patients with and without autonomic dysfunction.
  • This pilot study highlights ACCF as a promising tool for early AN detection in diabetes management, aiding in cardiovascular risk stratification.