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Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox
John G Rizk1, Giuseppe Lippi2, Brandon M Henry3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Pharmacy, 220 Arch Street, 12th Floor, Room 01-409-E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. john.rizk@umaryland.edu.
Drugs
|June 28, 2022
Summary
Medical countermeasures for human monkeypox, a zoonotic orthopoxvirus, include two vaccines and available treatments like antivirals and vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) for severe cases.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Public Health
Background:
- Human monkeypox is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus presenting similarly to smallpox.
- Transmission occurs through animal contact, direct human contact (skin-to-skin, sexual), respiratory droplets, and fomites.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review available medical countermeasures for human monkeypox.
- To describe the applications of vaccines, antivirals, and vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV).
Main Methods:
- Literature review of medical countermeasures for orthopoxviruses.
- Summary of available vaccines: JYNNEOS™ and ACAM2000®.
- Overview of antiviral treatments (tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir) and VIGIV.
Main Results:
- Two vaccines, JYNNEOS™ and ACAM2000®, are stockpiled for orthopoxviruses.
- Antivirals and VIGIV are available for severe monkeypox cases, immunocompromised individuals, and specific patient groups.
- Supportive care is sufficient for most mild, self-limited monkeypox cases.
Conclusions:
- A range of medical countermeasures exist for human monkeypox.
- Vaccines, antivirals, and VIGIV provide options for prevention and treatment.
- Targeted use of antivirals is recommended for severe or complicated monkeypox cases.
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