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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

153
Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
153

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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Primary adrenal insufficiency.

Mihail Zilbermint1,2,3,4, Andrew P Demidowich1,2,3,4

  • 1Johns Hopkins Community Physicians Johns Hopkins Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA.

Clinical Case Reports
|June 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary adrenal insufficiency, a serious condition, was diagnosed in a 49-year-old female presenting with dizziness and nausea. Diagnostic tests confirmed the adrenal insufficiency, highlighting the need for prompt medical attention.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Primary adrenal insufficiency is a rare but critical endocrine disorder.
  • It necessitates timely diagnosis and management to prevent life-threatening complications.

Observation:

  • A 49-year-old female presented with symptoms including dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.
  • Physical examination revealed characteristic hyperpigmentation of palmar creases and the tongue.

Findings:

  • The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test definitively confirmed the diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency.
  • This diagnostic test is crucial for evaluating the HPA axis function.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of recognizing subtle clinical signs of adrenal insufficiency.
  • Prompt diagnosis and appropriate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement are vital for patient outcomes.