Urinary tract trauma

Trauma to the canine urinary tract is a common occurrence secondary to motor vehicle accidents. Radiology is an important diagnostic technique for determining the extent of traumatic injuries. The anatomic location of the urinary system in close association with the ribs, pelvis, epaxial muscles and spine may be an advantage because of the protection offered by these structures and a disadvantage because of increased injury when these structures are damaged. Trauma to the kidneys may be managed by complete nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, renal capsule repair and temporary nephrostomy. Trauma to the ureters may be managed by ureteral anastomosis, ureteral splinting, ureterovesicular anastomosis, nephrotomy and ureteronephrectomy. Bladder trauma is managed with cystotomy, indwelling catheter, antepubic drainage and intestinal pouch attachment. Techniques for repair of the urethra include indwelling catheterization, urethral anastomosis, and urethrostomy at a new site. The post-operative complications most frequently encountered include uremia, wound dehiscence, stricture and infection. These complications can be avoided by restoration of anatomic continuity of the injured organ, internal splinting and catheterization, urinary diversion, and peri-operative drainage.