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Updated: Sep 6, 2025

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
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An insula hierarchical network architecture for active interoceptive inference.

Alan S R Fermin1, Karl Friston2, Shigeto Yamawaki1

  • 1Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.

Royal Society Open Science
|July 1, 2022
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Summary

The insula

Keywords:
active inferencedepressionfeelingsinsulainteroception

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Interoception
  • Brain Architecture

Background:

  • The insular cortex processes extensive interoceptive signals from visceral organs.
  • Its complex neuroanatomy suggests specialized interoception, but its function remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose the Insula Hierarchical Modular Adaptive Interoception Control (IMAC) model.
  • To explain how insula modules process interoceptive information for physiological control and conscious feelings.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling and synthesis of existing neuroanatomical and functional data.
  • Conceptual framework development for insula function.

Main Results:

  • The IMAC model posits specialized insula modules forming networks with the prefrontal cortex and striatum.
  • These networks generate higher-order interoceptive representations for adaptive control.
  • Insula representations may explain conscious feelings and defend against depression.

Conclusions:

  • The insula's modular architecture is crucial for adaptive interoception and physiological regulation.
  • The IMAC model provides a framework for understanding insula's role in conscious feelings and mental health.