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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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EWALD: A macromolecular diffractometer for the second target station.

Gloria E O Borgstahl1, William B O'Dell2, Martin Egli3

  • 1Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|July 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neutron macromolecular crystallography (NMC) can now study smaller crystals thanks to the new EWALD instrument. This breakthrough enables detailed analysis of biological molecules, advancing life sciences research.

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Neutron macromolecular crystallography (NMC) is essential for determining atomic positions in large biomolecules.
  • Neutrons offer unique advantages for detecting protonation states near physiological conditions without X-ray or electron artifacts.
  • Current NMC limitations include the need for large crystal volumes, restricting its application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the EWALD instrument, a novel single crystal diffractometer.
  • To overcome the crystal volume limitations in current NMC.
  • To expand the scope and routine use of NMC in biological sciences.

Main Methods:

  • Development and design of the EWALD single crystal diffractometer.
  • Utilizing neutron diffraction for macromolecular structure determination.
  • Focusing on enabling data collection from significantly smaller crystals.

Main Results:

  • EWALD is capable of collecting data from macromolecular crystals orders of magnitude smaller than currently feasible.
  • The instrument breaks the crystal volume barrier inherent in existing NMC techniques.
  • This advancement paves the way for studying challenging biological systems.

Conclusions:

  • The EWALD instrument represents a revolutionary advancement in neutron macromolecular crystallography.
  • It will enable new types of experiments and the study of previously inaccessible biological systems.
  • EWALD is poised to significantly impact biological, biomedical, and bioenergy research through routine NMC applications.