Biomarkers of Volume Overload and Edema in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Pathophysiology
• Biomarker Discovery

Background:

• Heart failure (HF) involves neurohumoral pathway activation to maintain cardiac output.
• Reduced ejection fraction in HF leads to sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and other pathway activation.
• This activation results in fluid and salt retention, causing symptoms like dyspnea and peripheral edema.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and summarize current literature on biomarkers.
• Focus on biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of edema in HF with reduced ejection fraction.
• Identify biomarkers with prognostic and therapeutic potential for edema management.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of specialty publications.
• Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms of edema in HF.
• Identification of relevant biomarkers from existing studies.

Main Results:

• Several biomarkers implicated in edema pathogenesis in HF with reduced ejection fraction have been identified.
• These biomarkers play a role in fluid and salt retention mechanisms.
• The identified biomarkers show potential for risk stratification and therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

• Biomarkers are crucial for understanding and managing edema in HF with reduced ejection fraction.
• These biomarkers can guide risk stratification for patients.
• Further research into these biomarkers may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for HF edema.