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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

The Pandemic Anxiety Inventory: A validation study.

Irvin Sam Schonfeld¹, Tasmyn Prytherch², Mark Cropley²

¹The City College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, USA.

Journal of Health Psychology

|July 5, 2022

Summary

The Pandemic Anxiety Inventory (PAI) reliably measures pandemic-related anxiety. This tool is valid for research and clinical use, identifying factors like financial strain and social support linked to pandemic anxiety.

Keywords:

COVID-19 Pandemic Anxiety Inventory construct validity criterion validity exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis

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Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

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Area of Science:

Psychological Science
Public Health
Epidemiology

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic heightened public health concerns regarding widespread anxiety.
Existing measures may not fully capture anxiety specific to pandemic conditions.
A validated instrument is needed to assess pandemic-related anxiety symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and validate the Pandemic Anxiety Inventory (PAI).
To assess the reliability and validity of the PAI in a British adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Methods:

The study involved 379 British adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reliability was assessed using internal consistency measures.
Criterion, convergent, and discriminant validity were examined using correlational and bifactor analyses.

Main Results:

The PAI demonstrated excellent reliability and solid criterion validity.
Pandemic anxiety correlated with reduced social support, financial strain, job loss, and economic insecurity.
The PAI showed solid convergent and discriminant validity, confirming its structure.

Conclusions:

The Pandemic Anxiety Inventory (PAI) is a reliable and valid measure for assessing pandemic-specific anxiety.
The PAI can be effectively utilized in both research settings and clinical practice.
Findings highlight key psychosocial factors associated with pandemic anxiety.