Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
03:53

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Published on: November 10, 2023

1.4K

Comparison between COVID‑19 outcomes in the first 3 waves of the pandemic: a reference hospital report

Monika Bociąga-Jasik1,2, Wiktoria Wojciechowska2,3, Michał Terlecki2,3

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Polish Archives of Internal Medicine
|July 6, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Hospitalized COVID-19 patients showed evolving characteristics and outcomes across pandemic waves. Increased death rates and risk factors were observed in later waves, indicating shifts in disease impact and management.

Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Epidemiology
  • Public health

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic evolved through distinct waves, each potentially impacting patient demographics and clinical outcomes.
  • Understanding these changes is crucial for adapting healthcare strategies and improving patient care during public health crises.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first three pandemic waves.
  • To identify factors influencing in-hospital mortality across these consecutive waves.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of medical records from 5191 COVID-19 patients admitted to a designated COVID-19 hospital between March 2020 and May 2021.
  • Comparison of patient demographics, inflammatory markers, oxygen saturation, and mortality rates across three defined pandemic waves.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences were observed in patient age, sex distribution, inflammatory marker levels, and oxygen saturation between waves 1, 2, and 3.
  • Hospital death rates increased progressively from 10.4% in wave 1 to 19.8% in wave 2 and 20.3% in wave 3.
  • Advanced age, male sex, comorbidities (cardiovascular, chronic kidney disease), elevated C-reactive protein, and later wave hospitalization were identified as risk factors for in-hospital death.

Conclusions:

  • Consecutive COVID-19 waves exhibited distinct patient characteristics and clinical outcomes.
  • These observed differences likely reflect evolving medical and organizational factors, including changes in isolation policies, hospitalization criteria, and treatment strategies.
  • The findings underscore the dynamic nature of the pandemic and the need for adaptive healthcare responses.
Abstract

More Related Videos

Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-1906:29

Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-19

Published on: May 25, 2022

2.4K
Quantification and Whole Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Air Samples09:26

Quantification and Whole Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Air Samples

Published on: June 30, 2023

1.2K

Related Concept Videos

Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups01:20

Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups

Survival analysis is a cornerstone of medical research, used to evaluate the time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease recurrence, or recovery. Unlike standard statistical methods, survival analysis is particularly adept at handling censored data—instances where the event has not occurred for some participants by the end of the study or remains unobserved. To address these unique challenges, specialized techniques like the Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test, and...
277
Pareto Chart00:52

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the lines represent the cumulative total values. In this chart, the longest bars are arranged on the left and the shortest bars on the right, which makes it easier to read and interpret the data. It can also be called a Pareto diagram or Pareto analysis.
The Pareto chart is named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who described the Pareto...
7.0K
Interpreting Run Charts01:25

Interpreting Run Charts

Run charts, essentially line graphs plotted over time, serve as fundamental yet effective tools for process analysis. They chronicle data sequentially, facilitating the identification of trends, shifts, or cyclical movements. This graphical representation is instrumental in determining whether a process is stable or exhibits signs of potential instability indicative of special cause variation. In the healthcare domain, run charts depict infection rates over time, enabling hospitals to monitor...
687
Cancer Survival Analysis01:21

Cancer Survival Analysis

Cancer survival analysis focuses on quantifying and interpreting the time from a key starting point, such as diagnosis or the initiation of treatment, to a specific endpoint, such as remission or death. This analysis provides critical insights into treatment effectiveness and factors that influence patient outcomes, helping to shape clinical decisions and guide prognostic evaluations. A cornerstone of oncology research, survival analysis tackles the challenges of skewed, non-normally...
442
Hospitals-II00:59

Hospitals-II

Hospitals provide inpatient and outpatient services. Inpatient services provide care to patients that stay in the hospital for an extended period, ranging from days to months. Examples of inpatient services include intensive care units, hospital wards, or surgeries. Outpatient services provide care to patients who come to a hospital for a diagnostic or treatment but do not stay overnight —for example, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, or health education.
Nurses that work in...
819
Hospitals-I01:28

Hospitals-I

Hospitals offer medical and surgical care to the sick and injured, along with accommodation while they recover. At the same time, they also provide outpatient, emergency, psychiatric, and rehabilitation services to meet various community needs. In addition to providing medical care, hospitals also act as hubs for medical research and training. Hospitals use clinical procedures and evidence-based practice standards to deliver patient care. To deliver safe and efficient care, a nurse must stay up...
911