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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

6.6K
An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.4K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
1.4K
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses
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Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

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Locked in a pro-inflammatory state.

Chiu Wang Chau1, Ryohichi Sugimura1

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

Elife
|July 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macrophages exposed to SARS-CoV-2 do not become anti-inflammatory. This immune dysfunction may drive severe COVID-19 disease progression.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2efferocytosishumanhyperinflammationimmunologyinflammationmacrophage polarizationtissue repair

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Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
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Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses
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Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Severe COVID-19 is characterized by dysregulated immune responses.
  • Macrophages play a critical role in orchestrating inflammation and pathogen clearance.

Discussion:

  • Macrophages engulfing viable SARS-CoV-2 particles fail to adopt an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
  • This impaired cellular response suggests a mechanism for sustained inflammation in COVID-19.

Key Insights:

  • Failure of macrophage polarization.
  • Potential link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune cell dysfunction.
  • Contribution to hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19.

Outlook:

  • Investigating therapeutic strategies to restore macrophage anti-inflammatory function.
  • Further research into the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with macrophages.
  • Understanding macrophage behavior in COVID-19 pathogenesis.